定语从句(Relative Clauses)
1.关系代词
that指人/物,作主语时不可省,作宾语一般可省
which指物,作主语不可省,作宾语一般可省
who指人,作主语;口语中有时也作宾语,作宾语一般可省
whom指人,做宾语,一般可省
whose指人(sb's)/物(sth's)(多指人,指物时可与of which互换),作定语
as指人/物,作主语或宾语
2.用that而不用which的情况
❶先行词既有人又有物
❷主句是which或who开头的特殊疑问句
e.g.Which of the books that had pictures was worth reading?
❸先行词是序数词或最高级(或前面有序数词/最高级修饰时)
❹先行词有every,each,no,some,the only,the very,the last,the same修饰
❺先行词是all,much,few,little,any,none,the one(共同点:有“唯一”或“全部”的概念,以致不可选择),something,everything,anything,nothing等不定代词或被这些词修饰时
e.g.Tell me everything that you know.
❻先行词在主句中作表语,且关系代词在从句中也做表语(此时句子一般有类比的含义)
e.g.Our school is no longer the place that it used to be.
3.用which而不用that的情况
❶非限制性定语从句
❷关系代词前有介词时一般用which
❸先行词为that或those
e.g.What's that which flashed in the sky just now?
❹限制性定语从句中,若有两个定语从句,一句用that,另一句宜用which
e.g.Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open.
4.用who而不用that的情况
❶先行词为指人的不定代词,如one,ones,anyone,no one,nobody,anybody,none,all
❷there be结构中先行词指人
❸先行词为people或those
❹一个句子中有两个定语从句,且先行词都指人,一个用that,另一个宜用who
注:who可以引导非限制性定语从句
5.主谓一致
❶关系代词在从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词单复数根据先行词而定(如those who are...)
❷one of + 限定词 + 名词复数 + 定语从句(谓语动词用复数)
e.g.She's one of my best friends that are studying here.
❸the only/the very/the right one of + 限定词 + 名词复数 + 定语从句(谓语动词用单数)
6.as
若用于such... as...,the same... as...等结构中,不可省(先行词被the same修饰时也可用that,但that表示同一事物)
e.g.Such books as I have read are classical works.(我所读过的书都是经典著作)
e.g.This is the same pen that I lost yesterday.(这正是我昨天丢的那支钢笔(同一个))
e.g.This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.(这支钢笔和我昨天丢的那支一样(同一类))
若引导非限制性定语从句代替整个主句,该从句可放在主句前、主句后或主句中间(which引导非限制性定语从句修饰整个主句时只能位于主句后,可译为“这一点”)
注:
as we all know = as is known to all(众所周知)
as is well-known to us all
as you (can) see(正如你所看到的)
as can be seen(正如所见)
as was expected = as we expect(正如预料的那样)
as we can imagine(正如我们可以想象的那样)
as I can remember(正如我所记得的那样)
as is reported in the newspaper(正如报纸上所报道的那样)
as is believed that
as is often the case(情况常常如此)
as is often said
as often happens(正如经常发生的那样)
as has been pointed out(正如已经指出的那样)
as has been said before(如前所述)
7.who,whom,which,that在限制性定语从句中作动词的宾语/表语或作位于从句句末的介词的宾语时,关系代词可省(若直接放在介词后作宾语则不可省)
e.g.China is not the country (that) it was.
8.which在非限制性定语从句中可指代名词,形容词,短语,其它从句,或整个主句;
e.g.The apple trees,which I planted 3 years ago,have not borne any fruit.(指代The apple trees)
e.g.She's always careless,which we should not be.(指代careless)
e.g.He said that he had never seen her before,which was not true.(指代that he had never seen her before)
which在从句中可作主语,动词宾语,介词宾语,表语
9.限制性定语从句起修饰,限制,识别的作用,删去后会导致句意不完整或概念不清
非限制性定语从句起补充说明的作用,删去后句意依然完整
e.g.I have a sister who is a doctor.(我有一个当医生的姐姐(可能不止一个姐姐))
e.g.I have a sister,who is a doctor.(我有一个姐姐,她是医生(只有一个姐姐))
10.关系副词where引导定语从句作地点状语(= 介词 + which)
先行词为case(情况),situation(情况),position(位置,职位),condition(情形,条件),point(境地),stage(境地,阶段,状态,时期),atmosphere(气氛),state(状态,状况)等表示抽象地点与状况的词,且关系词在从句中作状语时,常用where/in which引导
e.g.This is the farm that/which we visited 10 years ago.
e.g.This is the farm where/in which we worked 10 years ago.
11.关系副词when引导定语从句作时间状语(= at/in which)
先行词为time,day,year,month,week等表示时间的词,且在句中作时间状语
注:the reason why + 从句 = for which
先行词是reason且关系词在从句中作原因状语时,用why/for which引导,其中why只能引导限制性定语从句,for which可引导非限制性定语从句。